Thirtieth Sunday of Ordinary Time, Year C (go to readings)
Sirach 35:12-14, 16-18
Psalm 34:2-3, 17-18, 19, 23
2 Timothy 4:6-8, 16-18
Luke 18:9-14
Who were the Pharisees? We often get the sense from the bible that they were an arrogant, self-righteous, judgmental group. And part of that may have been the disciples of Jesus holding a grudge against the group that not only argued against and were often criticized by Jesus, and they conspired to crucify Jesus, but also they continued to harass and torture Christians. So, they were easily portrayed by the Christian community, including the gospel writers, as the evil oppressors.
But according to Jewish historians of the time, the Pharisees were a well-respected religious group. Their name, “Pharisee,” is from the Hebrew, “Pərūšīm,” meaning, “separated ones.” They were known for their piety and faithfulness to the requirements of the law. When Israel returned from the Exile, they recognized that their exile was caused by their corruption, and their return permitted by God because of their repentance and return to righteousness. The Pharisees believed that this legal righteousness was the way for Israel to return to its golden age. Israel was God’s holy people, a nation of the priestly people of God, set apart, to be a light to the nations, as the scriptures say. And so, the Pharisees took the priestly purity code of the law, required for preparation and conduct for serving God in the Temple, and extended it to apply to all Israelites at all times. As we see in the gospels, while some, perhaps many, might have been corrupt, in which their outward show of piety cloaked their inward attitude of arrogant self-interest, some, perhaps many, were honest, devout, and holy, such as Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. So the Pharisees, in general, then, were the heroes of most stories, calling sinners back to righteousness to the Lord, distancing themselves from pollution and sin, and so, wise and holy guides for the people.
Who were the tax collectors? They were despised as corrupt and greedy traitors to the nation of God’s people. They took an exorbitant cut for themselves as agents of the Roman oppressors, who already required high taxes, and collected them without mercy. Historians suggest that tax collectors would have to bid on a certain territory or neighborhood, and pay the Romans in advance for the taxes due to Rome from that area, and then the tax collectors could collect however much above that they wanted for themselves, and live very well. However, they were despised by the Romans for being Jews, and despised by the Jews for cooperating with the Romans. So, they often were not welcome in public places such as temple and synagogue, for being unclean and immoral and strongly disliked. So in most stories, they would obviously be the bad guy, the scoundrel, the proud and rich weasel who would always get their comeuppance. Always.
So, all that is to really help you see how shocking it would have been to hear Jesus’ parable in our gospel today. Jesus often would have surprises and twists in his parables to help people to remember them and think about them. He was, of course, a master storyteller. So if you were hearing a story that starts with, “Two people went up to the temple area to pray; one was a Pharisee and the other was a tax collector,” you might not yet know the story, but you knew that the Pharisee was going to be the good guy, and the tax-collector was going to be the bad guy. But what does Jesus do? He reverses the roles.
Last week, we heard Jesus tell the story of the widow and the corrupt judge, and our need to be persistent in prayer. Today we hear the story of our need to be humble, or “poor in spirit” in prayer. Jesus says, “The Pharisee took up his position and spoke this prayer to himself.” Who is he praying to? Right. “O God, I thank you that I am not like the rest of humanity—greedy, dishonest, adulterous—or even like this tax collector.” So, the only thing he gets right so far is gratitude. But gratitude for what? For being better than the rest of humanity. Just wow. And then he starts praying about the flaws of this other person behind him in the temple: “greedy, dishonest, adulterous, like this tax collector.” A great lesson in how not to pray. I’ll often hear people confess being judgmental. [I can tell if someone’s judgmental just by looking at them. (That’s a joke)]. I think that often in our society, we feel so judged, so unworthy, such a hot mess, so aware of our flaws and failures, that it’s very tempting to compare ourselves with someone who seems to be a worse mess than us, just to feel better about ourselves. “At least I’m doing better than that loser.” So not only does Jesus condemn that in today’s gospel, but it also then makes that other person feel judged, because we are judging them, and then they have to go find someone more miserable than them to judge, and now everyone feels judged and like garbage, and that’s not the way to be the kingdom of God.
And so, this Pharisee doesn’t stop there. “I fast twice a week, and I pay tithes on my whole income.” So the Pharisee prays by praising himself and his good deeds. Now, it is good to fast twice a week and pay tithes on our whole income. But we don’t bring it to prayer boasting about it, expecting God to pat you on the head like a good boy. Forget the good that you do, and come to God as a beggar, poor in spirit, humble, and asking for God’s mercy and help. Not like this Pharisee, boasting about how close he is to God, how holy he is, like they’re besties. Remember what Jesus said about the slave who had to serve his master before taking care of himself. “When you have done all that you have been commanded, say, ‘We are unprofitable servants; we have done what we were obliged to do.’” We can’t do anything that puts God in debt to us for our good deeds. We can’t earn our entitlement to holiness. Everything we do is less than what we ought to be doing if we were perfect. But by coming to God, asking for mercy and help, he accepts our lowly offerings as a parent lovingly praises a child for their crayon art, which the parent happily puts on the refrigerator. Look what you did, isn’t that cute?
So, the good and holy Pharisee is not so good and holy. Let’s look to see how wicked and heartless the wicked and heartless tax-collector is. “But the tax collector stood off at a distance and would not even raise his eyes to heaven but beat his breast and prayed, ‘O God, be merciful to me a sinner.’” Oh come on Jesus, we want to hate the tax collector! He’s supposed to be the villain! But the tax collector humbly confesses how far he is from the holiness and goodness he is called to, how lowly he is to not even be able to raise his eyes to heaven, but is filled with repentance, and the scandal of his own life, and simply prays to God, “Be merciful to me, a sinner.” I think it’s beautiful that half of his prayer is in his bodily posture. I’m reminded a bit of Pope Saint John Paul II’s, “Theology of the Body,” which teaches us that since our actions, like our words, can communicate the glory of God and the goodness and truth we as humanity are called to express, that the tax-collector says as much with how he prays as what he prays.
Two footnotes to this description of the pharisee. First, a good act of contrition for the Sacrament of Reconciliation requires three elements: An element of repentance, an element of asking for mercy, and an element of intent to sin no more. Any good act of contrition has these three elements, except for one, which is called “The Jesus Prayer: “Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner.” It’s adapted from this part of the gospel, through the mediation of Jesus to God the Father.
The second thing is that if Catholics love and have internalized any part of the gospel, it’s the part about sitting at the back of the church. If I put out chairs outside across the street, I’m pretty sure people would sit there. No. God became incarnate to be intimate with us, to draw us closer to himself, to share himself, his life, with us. Sitting up front does not mean you think you’re holier, that you’re exalting yourself, or that you’re the nerd who always sits in the front row at school, taking things way too seriously. Our response to God drawing close to us is for us to draw close to him. Yes, his divine splendor and majesty inspire awe and fear, if we were to enter his divine presence with any imperfection. But here he comes to us hidden in signs and sacraments and mystery, accessible to us. And we need to lean into how he wants to improve our life, to heal our hearts, to unite ourselves with him. And for that, we acknowledge any false humility. The truly humble know all the more how much we need God. And we sit at the feet of the Master, as Mary did while her sister worked, or as Saint John at the last supper, resting his head on the sacred heart of our Lord. So next week, don’t go to the back. Get a little closer, don’t be shy. Move forward, respond to the call to draw near. The front of the church should fill up first, with us all eager to receive from the Lord. I promise you, if you sit up front, there’s like “almost zero” chance you’ll be struck by lightning.
To wrap this up, Jesus says, “I tell you, the latter went home justified, (the tax collector), not the former (the Pharisee), for whoever exalts himself will be humbled, and the one who humbles himself will be exalted.” If we exalt ourselves, how high can we really reach, to lift ourselves up? A great among sinners? But if we come before God as poor in spirit, needy, a beggar, aware of our many faults, and pray, “O God, be merciful to me, a sinner,” he exalts us to heaven with his grace, affirming that we are good, and we are infinitely loved, and we are forgiven, and helped by his care for us to go out in peace and joy, serving him and serving him in our neighbor, pouring ourselves out spreading the good news of God’s incredible love for each of us. That we might be able to say, with St. Paul, at the end of our journey, “I am already being poured out like a libation, (emptied as a sacrificial offering) and the time of my departure is at hand. I have competed well; I have finished the race; I have kept the faith… the Lord stood by me and gave me strength, so that through me the proclamation might be completed… To him be glory forever and ever. Amen.”











